The end of economic globalization: Reading into the 2025 U.S. National Security Strategy

Has the global economy shifted from an arena of open cooperation to one of conditional selectivity? A close analytical reading into the 2025 U.S. National Security Strategy reveals that the document is far more than a routine bureaucratic publication. Rather, it signals a restructuring of the post-Bretton Woods order and the opening of an era of what may be described as the “fragmentation of globalization.” This study offers an in-depth examination of the economic dimensions of the strategy, highlighting how Washington has replaced the “invisible hand of the market” with the “iron grip of the state” under the banner of “America First.” In this emerging global landscape, economic neutrality is no longer viable: survival depends not on openness, but on resilience.